As tensions escalate in the Strait of Hormuz, the global internet infrastructure faces unprecedented threats. Amidst a dire energy crisis that began in February, the undersea cables—critical arteries for worldwide connectivity—are now in the crosshairs of geopolitical strife. Iran’s recent moves to impose tariffs on these cables highlight a growing vulnerability that could disrupt everything from banking to healthcare.
The Backbone of Global Connectivity
Deep beneath the waves of the Strait of Hormuz, a web of undersea internet cables lies in a precarious state. These cables, which account for over 99% of international digital data traffic, are essential for everyday activities such as online banking, messaging, and accessing vital services. The situation has deteriorated to the point where a conflict that initially seemed to threaten energy supplies may also jeopardise digital connectivity.
Earlier this month, Iranian officials indicated plans to levy tariffs on submarine cables, branding them as a “vulnerable chokepoint” for the region’s economy. This alarming development underscores a broader concern that stretches beyond the Middle East; recent operations by Russian submarines in UK waters starkly illustrate the global dimensions of this issue.
A Growing Threat Landscape
The stakes are high, and the implications are dire. As the UK government moves to introduce stringent measures against those who sabotage undersea cables, the reality is that these vital connections are already at risk from both state and non-state actors. For instance, Taiwan has accused China of conducting attacks on its own undersea cables, amplifying fears that such conflicts could escalate into broader regional disruptions.
Tony O’Sullivan, CEO of global network provider RETN, emphasises the precarious nature of these cables. “Everyone knows where they are,” he states, drawing attention to key transit routes such as the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. With the potential for targeted attacks, the internet’s backbone is more fragile than many realise.
The Ripple Effects of Damage
When undersea cables are damaged—whether through deliberate actions or accidents—the consequences can be severe. While it’s a misconception that a single cable cut brings the internet to a standstill, the reality is that it can severely degrade service quality across alternative routes, leading to slowdowns in payment processing and communication. Critical services in healthcare and finance could face chaos amid surging demand on the remaining operational cables.
The potential for collateral damage was starkly illustrated in 2024 when a Belize-flagged vessel inadvertently severed four key cables in the Red Sea, disrupting 25% of the data flow between Asia and Europe. This incident serves as a reminder of the fragility of undersea infrastructure, which is often at the mercy of both natural and man-made disruptions.
Rethinking Internet Resilience
As the Iranian crisis unfolds, experts advocate for a re-evaluation of how the internet is structured. O’Sullivan warns that the current routes are too susceptible to hostile actions. “If a malicious actor were to target a specific territory, the repercussions would be catastrophic,” he cautions. The real danger lies not just in direct attacks but also in the unintended consequences of military operations in proximity to these cables.
In response to the growing threats, initiatives have emerged aimed at diversifying internet pathways. NATO has funded projects to explore satellite technology as an alternative to traditional undersea cables. However, experts like Alan Mauldin of TeleGeography caution that satellite systems cannot effectively replace the volume of data managed by cables. “You can’t just switch to satellite,” he asserts, highlighting the limitations of current technology.
Why it Matters
The vulnerability of undersea cables in conflict zones like the Strait of Hormuz has far-reaching implications for global connectivity and national security. As geopolitical tensions rise, the need for resilient internet infrastructure becomes increasingly urgent. The fragility of these vital links not only threatens the digital economy but also poses significant risks to essential services that millions rely on each day. In a world where information is power, ensuring the safety of these underwater lifelines is paramount to maintaining stability and security in an increasingly interconnected landscape.
