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In the wake of a surge in anti-immigrant protests across South Africa, many African migrants are grappling with heightened fear and uncertainty. Campaigns calling for the expulsion of undocumented immigrants have gained traction, stoking long-standing xenophobic sentiments and leaving countless individuals feeling increasingly vulnerable. The March & March movement has emerged as a central player in this unfolding crisis, demanding the departure of those without legal status by the end of June.
A Climate of Fear
Recent demonstrations have reignited fears among immigrant populations, particularly those from neighbouring African nations. Reports of violence and xenophobic attacks have compounded these anxieties, with Mozambique confirming the deaths of five of its citizens due to such incidents in late May. The South African police have also reported fatalities, including two Mozambicans, during violent clashes in Mossel Bay.
Approximately 100 individuals from Mozambique and Malawi sought refuge in Kleinmond’s town hall last week, fleeing threats from local residents who demanded their removal from an informal settlement. Many have expressed a desire to return to their home countries, with Ghana facilitating flights for its citizens wishing to escape the rising tensions.
“Every day, the people I encounter are engulfed by extreme fear,” remarked an Ethiopian entrepreneur who has called South Africa home since 2000. He lamented that legal documentation offers little refuge from the pervasive violence. “It’s not merely about being undocumented; even those with papers are not safe from harm.”
Historical Context of Xenophobia
South Africa’s relationship with immigration has always been complex. Historically, the nation has relied on migrant labour, especially in the mining sector. Nelson Mandela’s post-apartheid government originally welcomed migrants from across Africa, yet the socio-economic landscape has shifted dramatically over the years. With rampant unemployment and pervasive inequality, many South Africans have increasingly directed their frustrations towards foreign nationals.
Tragic episodes of violence against immigrants are not new. In 2008, riots resulted in the deaths of 62 individuals, including 21 South Africans, and displaced over 150,000 people. Similarly, in 2015, violence erupted again, claiming at least five lives. Recent surveys indicate a decline in the proportion of South Africans who view immigrants positively, dropping from 25% in 2020 to a mere 15% last year. The unemployment rate has surged to 43.1%, exacerbating the perception that immigrants are to blame for the nation’s economic woes.
Sharon Ekambaram, who oversees the refugee and migrants’ programme at Lawyers for Human Rights, noted that the struggle for accountability from the government has led to a scapegoating of migrants. “It’s easier to blame the migrants,” she said, highlighting the frustrations felt by many South Africans.
March & March: The Face of Protest
Founded in March 2025, March & March has become a prominent voice in the call for mass deportations. The group claims that illegal immigration figures range from 15 million to 30 million people. Its leader, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, asserts that South Africa is facing an invasion, stating, “South Africans have become refugees in their own country.”
The group has mobilised protests across the nation, including a notable demonstration in KuGompo City, sparked by unfounded reports about a Nigerian being crowned king. March & March campaigns have taken place in major cities, including Durban and Johannesburg. Funding for these protests comes from concerned citizens and through social media contributions, as disclosed by Ngobese-Zuma in an interview.
Prominent figures like radio DJ Ngizwe Mchunu have also been associated with the marches, despite his controversial past linked to civil unrest following the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma in 2021.
Political Reactions and Consequences
As South Africa approaches local elections in November, political parties are cautiously navigating the rising tide of anti-immigration sentiment. Smaller parties, such as ActionSA and the uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), are attempting to capitalise on the protests to garner support. Meanwhile, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) has acknowledged the concerns raised by citizens regarding immigration and illegal immigration.
In a recent televised address, President Cyril Ramaphosa promised a crackdown on illegal immigration and corruption within border authorities. He stressed the importance of ensuring that only state officials are permitted to request proof of nationality, warning against groups using legitimate concerns to incite lawlessness. “We will not allow destabilisation through violence,” he asserted.
Political analyst Otlotleng Mokgatle remarked on the volatility of the situation, noting the reputational risks for parties aligning themselves with anti-immigrant sentiments. He cautioned that such associations could lead to backlash if violence or looting ensues.
Why it Matters
The current climate in South Africa underscores a critical moment in the nation’s socio-political landscape, where economic despair intersects with longstanding xenophobic attitudes. As African immigrants navigate a heightened state of insecurity, the implications extend beyond individual safety to affect the broader social fabric of the nation. The resurgence of anti-immigrant sentiments risks not only the safety of vulnerable populations but also the stability of democratic processes, challenging South Africa to reconcile its identity as a nation built on the values of inclusivity and diversity.