Archaeologists have made a significant discovery in Egypt’s western desert, unearthing a remarkably preserved Byzantine city that dates back to the fourth century. Located in the Dakhla oasis within the New Valley governorate, the site offers a glimpse into the daily lives, urban organisation, and economic activities of a bygone era when Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire. In a separate excavation, researchers have also identified ancient tombs near Alexandria, revealing further insights into the region’s historical narrative.
A Glimpse into Byzantine Life
The Dakhla oasis excavation has unveiled extensive quarters that include residential and religious structures, highlighted by a basilica-style church. Hisham el-Leithy, the secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, described the layout of the city, noting intersecting north-south and east-west streets, which formed open squares that would have served as public spaces for the community.
Prominent features include a basilica from the mid-fourth century, strategically situated to oversee the main streets. Additionally, remnants of two watchtowers suggest that the city was fortified to protect against potential threats. Mahmoud Massoud, the head of the archaeological mission, noted the presence of a heavily fortified structure and numerous houses featuring vaulted roofs and reception halls, indicative of a thriving urban environment.
Everyday Life Unveiled
Among the artefacts uncovered at the site are bread ovens, kitchens, and stone grinding tools, which provide insight into the daily routines of the inhabitants. The discovery of bronze coins, featuring portraits of Byzantine emperors and inscriptions, further enriches our understanding of the economic activities of the time. Notably, a collection of gold coins dated to the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337-361 AD) was also found.
Diaa Zahran, the head of the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, revealed that approximately 200 pottery fragments, known as ostraca, were discovered. These fragments contained inscriptions related to commercial transactions and correspondence, offering a unique perspective on the social dynamics and economic exchanges of the period.
Tomb Discoveries Near Alexandria
In a separate archaeological effort at Marina el-Alamein, situated about 100 kilometres west of Alexandria, researchers have uncovered 18 ancient tombs, which include rock-cut and limestone structures. This latest find increases the total number of tombs identified at the site to 48. The tombs revealed a variety of artefacts, including pottery vessels, amphorae, lamps, and altars, contributing to the rich tapestry of the area’s ancient history.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, highlighted the significance of a 2.5-metre-long granite sarcophagus that contained skeletal remains, currently under study. Close to the sarcophagus, archaeologists found the remnants of a plaster sphinx statue, as well as the intriguing practice of placing gold pieces, known as “the golden tongue,” inside the mouths of the deceased—an interesting funerary custom of that era.
The Historical Context
Marina el-Alamein is believed to have been the ancient Greco-Roman port city of Leukaspis, which flourished from the second to the fourth century. The site has been a focus for archaeologists since its discovery in 1986, providing invaluable insights into the social and economic conditions of the time.
The recent discoveries in both Dakhla and Marina el-Alamein underscore Egypt’s rich archaeological heritage and its importance as a centre of ancient civilisations. The findings not only deepen our understanding of the Byzantine period but also contribute to the broader narrative of Egypt’s historical significance within the Mediterranean world.
Why it Matters
These archaeological discoveries are pivotal not only for their historical significance but also for their potential to boost cultural tourism in Egypt. By illuminating the lifestyles and practices of ancient civilisations, such findings can foster a renewed interest in Egypt’s diverse heritage, attracting scholars, tourists, and history enthusiasts alike. The preservation of such sites and the stories they hold is vital for future generations to appreciate and learn from the complexities of human history.