In a remarkable archaeological find, experts have uncovered a remarkably preserved Byzantine city dating back to the fourth century in the Dakhla oasis, located in Egypt’s New Valley governorate. This significant discovery sheds light on the urban life and economic activities of a time when Egypt was an integral part of the Byzantine Empire. The site features residential and religious structures, including a basilica, alongside artifacts that provide insight into the daily lives of its historic inhabitants.
Unveiling the Dakhla Oasis
The archaeological team revealed that the city’s layout included a network of thoroughfares running north to south, intersected by east to west streets, creating vibrant public squares. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, noted the importance of these findings in understanding urban development during the Byzantine era. At the heart of the settlement lies a basilica from the mid-fourth century, which overlooks the main streets and is accompanied by the remnants of watchtowers designed for protection.
Mahmoud Massoud, who leads the archaeological mission, highlighted the discovery of robust defensive structures with thick walls, alongside numerous dwellings featuring vaulted roofs and reception halls. The residential quarters also contained essential facilities, including bread ovens, kitchens, stone grinding tools, and bronze coins bearing the likenesses of Byzantine emperors.
Artifacts and Insights
Among the most intriguing finds were a series of coins, notably a collection from the reign of Emperor Constantius II, who ruled from 337 to 361 AD. Additionally, Diaa Zahran, head of the Islamic, Coptic and Jewish antiquities department, reported the discovery of around 200 pottery fragments known as ostraca. These fragments were likely used for writing and contained inscriptions that detailed various commercial transactions and personal correspondence, offering a glimpse into the day-to-day activities of the city’s residents.
The house of Tisous, believed to have been a house church before the basilica’s construction, dates back to the latter half of the fourth century. This structure further supports the narrative of a thriving community engaged in both religious and economic practices.
Discoveries at Marina el-Alamein
In a separate excavation approximately 100 kilometres west of Alexandria, archaeologists have also uncovered 18 ancient tombs at the Marina el-Alamein site. This site, which has been under investigation since 1986, is thought to be the location of the ancient Greco-Roman port city of Leukaspis. The latest findings include rock-cut tombs, limestone structures, pottery, amphorae, and altars, marking a significant expansion of knowledge regarding the burial practices of the era.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a granite sarcophagus measuring 2.5 metres in length, alongside skeletal remains currently undergoing analysis. Notably, the tombs contained “golden tongue” artifacts—pieces of gold placed in the mouths of the deceased, a practice linked to the funerary beliefs of the time.
A Step Towards UNESCO Recognition
The Dakhla oasis, where the Byzantine city was discovered, is currently on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status, a designation that could enhance its global significance. This archaeological find not only provides invaluable insights into Egypt’s Byzantine past but also underscores the importance of preserving such sites for future generations.
Why it Matters
The unearthing of the Byzantine city in the Dakhla oasis is a testament to Egypt’s rich historical tapestry and the ongoing quest to understand its multifaceted past. These discoveries not only contribute to the academic study of ancient urban life but also bolster Egypt’s cultural heritage, potentially attracting greater interest from scholars and tourists alike. As the world continues to grapple with historical narratives, such findings serve as vital links to understanding the complexities of ancient societies and their lasting legacies.
