As the political landscape in Canada shifts, taxpayers are bracing for an estimated $24 million expenditure on by-elections this year, according to a recent analysis by Elections Canada. With several members of Parliament (MPs) stepping down, the financial implications of these electoral contests are becoming increasingly significant, prompting discussions about the future of Canadian democracy and its associated costs.
A Surge in By-Elections
Elections Canada reports that while the precise cost of a by-election can fluctuate due to various factors—including location and logistical requirements—the average price tag stands at approximately $2 million per event. Already, three by-elections have been conducted this year, with another three scheduled for August 31.
One seat in Quebec remains vacant with no by-election currently planned, and with five additional resignations anticipated in the near future, the total number of by-elections for 2026 could rise to a staggering twelve. This figure would mark the highest annual total since 1978, which saw fifteen by-elections—a notable spike compared to 2017, when eleven were held at an overall cost of about $10 million.
The Context of Recent Resignations
Political analysts are keen to understand the reasons behind the uptick in MP resignations. Jonathan Malloy, a political science professor at Carleton University, suggests that the unexpected outcomes of the 2025 general election may have prompted some members to reassess their political ambitions. “The close nature of the election was quite different from what many anticipated just months prior,” he explained. This volatility in expectations has led to a wave of career changes among parliamentarians.
Malloy draws parallels between the current Liberal leadership transition—moving from Justin Trudeau to Prime Minister Mark Carney—and earlier leadership changes within the party. However, he notes that this shift lacks the gradual transition seen in the past, leaving many party members with little time to evaluate their future options.
Public Sentiment on By-Elections
Dennis Pilon, a political science expert at York University, believes that public opinion on the frequency of by-elections is mixed. While Canadians are unlikely to support a ban on MP resignations, the implications of these sudden exits cannot be overlooked. “Voters have entrusted these MPs with responsibilities in Parliament, and when they step back, it raises questions about the integrity of the electoral process,” Pilon remarked.
The only by-election held in 2025 took place in Battle River-Crowfoot, Alberta, where Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre successfully contested the seat after a previous loss to Liberal candidate Bruce Fanjoy. The estimated cost of this election was $2.3 million, a figure attributed to inflation and an extended campaign period of 49 days.
The Financial Burden of Democracy
Three by-elections in April were characterised by victories for the Liberal Party, with two occurring in the Greater Toronto Area to fill the shoes of former cabinet ministers Chrystia Freeland and Bill Blair. The Quebec by-election in Terrebonne was necessitated by a Supreme Court ruling that invalidated the previous election results.
Elections Canada publishes an annual report detailing by-election costs, which means the financial figures from these recent contests will not be available until early 2027. Pilon stresses that while the costs of democracy are high, it is essential that those running elections are compensated fairly. “The public may be divided on partisan lines, but there is widespread agreement on the need for fair and adequate election administration,” he concluded.
Why it Matters
The escalating financial burden of by-elections raises crucial questions about the sustainability of Canada’s democratic processes. As MPs resign, the cost to taxpayers grows, impacting public trust and electoral integrity. With an increasing number of by-elections on the horizon, the challenge lies not only in managing these costs but also in ensuring that representatives remain committed to their constituents. Ultimately, the efficacy of democracy hinges on the balance between participation and responsible governance, making it imperative that this issue is addressed thoughtfully moving forward.