As Zambia approaches a pivotal election, the political landscape remains heavily influenced by the legacy of former president Edgar Lungu, whose death in June 2025 has not quelled the animosities between his family and current president Hakainde Hichilema. Hichilema, who is seeking re-election after his resounding victory in 2021, finds himself navigating a tumultuous atmosphere marked by unresolved grievances and accusations of authoritarian tactics.
A Legacy of Rivalry
Hakainde Hichilema, 64, emerged victorious in the last election, decisively defeating Lungu. However, the rivalry between the two leaders has left an indelible mark on Zambian politics. The recent court battles over Lungu’s burial reflect the ongoing discord; the Zambian government attempted to prevent Lungu’s family from conducting a private funeral, fearing Hichilema’s involvement would be unwelcome. A ruling from South Africa’s Supreme Court of Appeal ultimately sided with Lungu’s family, allowing them to proceed with their plans.
The opposition, represented by Brian Mundubile and his Tonse Alliance coalition, is keen to capitalise on this rivalry. Mundubile, who served as Lungu’s chief whip, has pledged to ensure Lungu receives a dignified burial in Zambia, a matter of cultural significance that resonates deeply with voters. Christopher Vandome, a senior research fellow at Chatham House, emphasises the importance of respectful treatment towards the deceased in Zambian society. “Even Hichilema supporters want to see due respect given to those that have died,” he noted.
Allegations of Authoritarianism
The campaign trail has not been without its controversies. The Tonse Alliance has accused Hichilema’s administration of employing heavy-handed tactics, including the detention of 36 members of Mundubile’s campaign team and disruptions to opposition rallies by police. Transparency International Zambia has reported a disproportionate number of interruptions to events hosted by opposition parties, raising concerns about the fairness of the electoral process.
Hichilema’s supporters staunchly defend his record, citing the oppressive conditions faced by the opposition under Lungu’s rule—where Hichilema himself was arrested numerous times. A spokesperson for Hichilema’s United Party for National Development (UPND) asserted, “Zambians know what repression looks like,” highlighting the freedoms currently enjoyed by opposition groups compared to the previous regime.
However, activists have expressed frustration at the continued suppression of peaceful protests during Hichilema’s term. Instances of police intervention against demonstrators have been noted, with Mputa Ngalande of the Fight Inequality Alliance recounting his experiences of detention while advocating against the state power company amid severe power shortages.
Economic Progress and Challenges
Despite the political turbulence, Zambia has made strides in economic recovery since Hichilema took office. After a severe economic crisis precipitated by debt defaults under Lungu, inflation has been curtailed to 6.5%, a significant drop from 24.6% in 2021. The government has also implemented free primary and secondary education, further appealing to the electorate.
Hichilema, also affectionately known as “Bally” among supporters, has sought to engage the youth by announcing an immediate 50% increase in accommodation allowances for university students. However, the spectre of rising living costs looms large, with many citizens questioning why economic improvements have not translated into tangible benefits for ordinary Zambians. Ngalande encapsulates this sentiment, stating, “If we are doing well economically, why are we not feeling impact on the ground?”
The Road Ahead
With nearly 8.8 million registered voters participating in the elections, the stakes are high. Alongside the presidential race, citizens will also elect Members of Parliament and local councillors, making this an essential moment for Zambian democracy.
Why it Matters
The upcoming elections in Zambia are not merely a contest for power; they are a litmus test for the nation’s democratic resilience and the ability of its leaders to move beyond past grievances. As Hichilema attempts to consolidate his position, the echoes of Lungu’s presidency serve as a reminder of the complexities that define Zambian politics. A successful navigation of this fraught landscape could solidify Hichilema’s legacy, while failure to address the lingering issues may propel the country back into political turmoil. The outcome will not only shape the future of Zambia but also the broader narrative of governance in Southern Africa.