**
In a remarkable archaeological breakthrough, experts have unveiled a well-preserved city from the Byzantine era in Egypt’s western desert, specifically within the Dakhla oasis. This fourth-century settlement offers a rare glimpse into the daily lives, urban planning, and economic practices of its time. Alongside this discovery, a separate excavation at Marina el-Alamein, near Alexandria, has revealed a series of ancient tombs, further enriching our understanding of Egypt’s historical landscape.
Unveiling the Byzantine Settlement
The excavation site in Dakhla has yielded residential and religious structures that date back to the fourth century, including a basilica-style church that stands as a testament to the architectural prowess of the Byzantine period. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, elaborated on the layout of the city, noting the presence of a network of streets that form open squares and public areas, indicative of a thriving urban environment.
Mahmoud Massoud, head of the archaeological mission, highlighted the strategic design of the settlement, which features two watchtowers that once safeguarded its perimeters. The basilica, prominently situated at the heart of the city, overlooks the main thoroughfares, underscoring the importance of religious and communal life in this ancient society.
Daily Life and Economic Activities
Among the artefacts uncovered are numerous coins, pottery shards, and tools that paint a vivid picture of everyday life during this period. The discovery of bread ovens and kitchens suggests a well-established culinary culture, while grinding tools indicate a sophisticated level of food production. Additionally, bronze coins bearing the likenesses of Byzantine emperors and Latin inscriptions were found, shedding light on the economic interactions of the time.
Particularly noteworthy is the house of Tisous, identified as a residence for a church deacon, which dates back to the latter half of the 14th century. This structure likely served dual purposes, functioning as both a dwelling and a place of worship before the construction of the basilica.
Insights from Marina el-Alamein
In a parallel excavation at Marina el-Alamein, roughly 100 kilometres west of Alexandria, archaeologists have discovered 18 ancient tombs, including rock-cut and limestone structures. This site has now revealed a total of 48 tombs, enriching our knowledge of burial practices in the region. The findings at Marina el-Alamein include pottery vessels, amphorae, and altars, which provide insight into the funerary customs of the time.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a granite sarcophagus measuring 2.5 metres in length, alongside skeletal remains that are currently undergoing analysis. Notably, gold pieces were found placed in the mouths of several deceased, a practice known as “the golden tongue,” which reflects the funerary beliefs prevalent during this era.
A Historical Context
The archaeological findings in both Dakhla and Marina el-Alamein highlight Egypt’s rich historical tapestry during the Byzantine period. The Dakhla oasis, now on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status, provides crucial insights into the urban development and societal structures of ancient Egypt. Similarly, the Marina el-Alamein site, believed to be the ancient port city of Leukaspis, offers a glimpse into the Greco-Roman influences that shaped the region from the second to the fourth centuries.
Why it Matters
These discoveries are significant not only for their archaeological value but also for their role in enhancing our understanding of Egypt’s historical narrative. They underscore the intricate web of cultural, economic, and religious developments that characterised the Byzantine era in Egypt. As excavations continue, these sites promise to enrich our comprehension of historical societies and their legacies, offering lessons that resonate even in today’s global context.
