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In a significant archaeological breakthrough, researchers have unveiled a well-preserved Byzantine city dating back to the fourth century, nestled within the Dakhla oasis of Egypt’s New Valley governorate. This discovery sheds light on the urban life, economic activities, and cultural practices of a bygone era when Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire. Alongside this remarkable find, the excavation team has also revealed ancient tombs in Marina el-Alamein, further enriching our understanding of Egypt’s diverse historical landscape.
Unveiling the Byzantine Settlement
The recently uncovered city features a variety of residential and religious structures, including a basilica-style church that stands as a testament to the architectural prowess of the time. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, noted that the site comprises north-south thoroughfares intersected by east-west streets, creating open squares that likely served as communal gathering spaces.
Among the notable structures is a basilica constructed in the mid-fourth century, strategically located to oversee the main streets. The remnants of two watchtowers have also been found, hinting at the city’s need for defence during its peak. Mahmoud Massoud, head of the archaeological mission, emphasized the discovery of fortified structures with robust defensive walls, alongside numerous residential buildings featuring reception halls and vaulted ceilings.
Daily Life and Economic Activities
Excavations at the site have yielded a treasure trove of artefacts that reveal insights into everyday life during the Byzantine period. Archaeologists discovered bread ovens, kitchens, and stone grinding tools, alongside bronze coins adorned with portraits of Byzantine emperors, Latin inscriptions, and Christian symbols.
A particularly intriguing find is the “House of Tisous,” which dates back to the latter half of the fourth century. It is believed to have functioned as a house church prior to the construction of the larger basilica. Additionally, a cache of gold coins was uncovered, dating back to the reign of Emperor Constantius II, who ruled from 337 to 361 AD.
Diaa Zahran, head of the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, revealed the discovery of approximately 200 pottery fragments, known as ostraca. These pieces bear inscriptions that detail commercial transactions and personal correspondence, providing a rare glimpse into the daily lives of the city’s inhabitants.
Discoveries at Marina el-Alamein
In a separate excavation effort at the Marina el-Alamein site, located roughly 100 kilometres west of Alexandria, archaeologists have uncovered 18 ancient tombs. These include a mix of rock-cut and surface limestone-built tombs, significantly increasing the total count of tombs at the site to 48.
The findings at Marina el-Alamein, which date back to an ancient Greco-Roman port city believed to be Leukaspis, include pottery vessels, amphorae, lamps, and altars, all of which highlight the region’s historical significance. Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a granite sarcophagus measuring 2.5 metres in length, along with skeletal remains currently undergoing analysis. Notably, four gold pieces, referred to as “the golden tongue,” were found placed within the mouths of the deceased, reflecting the funerary customs prevalent at the time.
The Broader Context of the Discoveries
These archaeological findings come at a time when Egypt is increasingly focusing on promoting its rich cultural heritage to boost tourism. The Dakhla oasis, where the Byzantine city is located, is currently on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status, a move that could elevate its profile on the global stage.
As Egypt continues to unveil its historical treasures, these discoveries not only enhance our understanding of the Byzantine period but also underscore the importance of preserving such sites for future generations.
Why it Matters
The unearthing of this Byzantine city and the ancient tombs at Marina el-Alamein are more than mere archaeological milestones; they represent a profound connection to Egypt’s multifaceted history. These discoveries offer invaluable insights into the socio-economic and cultural dynamics of a region that has long been a crossroads of civilisations. As we continue to explore and learn from these sites, we not only honour the past but also pave the way for future scholarship and tourism, fostering a deeper appreciation for Egypt’s historical legacy on the world stage.