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Archaeological efforts in Egypt’s western desert have unveiled a remarkably preserved city from the Byzantine era, offering an extraordinary glimpse into daily life during the fourth century. Located in the Dakhla oasis within the New Valley governorate, the site features residential and religious structures, including an impressive basilica, alongside a trove of artefacts that illuminate the urban and economic fabric of the time.
Unearthing the Past: A Byzantine Urban Centre
The excavation has revealed quarters that include well-structured streets running north to south, intersected by east-west thoroughfares, creating open squares and communal spaces. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the supreme council of antiquities, highlighted the significance of the layout, which reflects the urban planning of the era. The basilica, a hallmark of the settlement, dates back to the mid-fourth century and commands attention at the site’s centre, flanked by the remnants of two watchtowers that once fortified its boundaries.
Mahmoud Massoud, head of the archaeological mission, noted the discovery of houses featuring reception halls and vaulted roofs, as well as a fortified structure with robust defensive walls. These findings suggest a complex community engaged in various activities, likely thriving in trade and craftsmanship.
Artefacts That Tell a Story
Alongside the architectural marvels, a variety of artefacts were unearthed, including bread ovens, kitchens, and tools for grinding grain. The presence of bronze coins, some depicting Byzantine emperors, further enriches the narrative, with one notable collection dating back to the reign of Emperor Constantius II, who ruled from 337 to 361 AD.
Diaa Zahran, who oversees the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, revealed the discovery of around 200 pottery fragments, known as ostraca. These fragments bear inscriptions that detail commercial transactions and personal correspondence, providing a direct connection to the lives of those who once inhabited the city.
Ancient Tombs Unearthed at Marina el-Alamein
In addition to the discoveries in Dakhla, archaeologists have excavated 18 ancient tombs at the nearby Marina el-Alamein site, approximately 100 kilometres west of Alexandria. This site has now revealed a total of 48 tombs, showcasing a mixture of rock-cut and limestone-built structures, along with various artefacts such as pottery vessels, lamps, and altars.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a substantial 2.5-metre-long granite sarcophagus containing skeletal remains. Nearby, the team found a plaster sphinx statue, which adds another layer of intrigue to the funerary practices of the time. Notably, four gold pieces, referred to as “the golden tongue,” were placed in the mouths of some deceased individuals, reflecting the funerary beliefs prevalent during this period.
A Step Towards Recognition
The Dakhla oasis, with its rich archaeological heritage, is currently listed on UNESCO’s tentative list for potential World Heritage status. This recognition could further elevate the profile of the site, attracting international attention and fostering a deeper appreciation of Egypt’s historical significance.
Why it Matters
These archaeological finds not only enhance our understanding of the Byzantine era in Egypt but also underscore the importance of preserving and studying historical sites. As layers of history are unearthed, they provide invaluable insights into the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of ancient civilisations. The discoveries in Dakhla and Marina el-Alamein serve as a reminder of Egypt’s rich past and its potential to inform contemporary discussions on heritage and identity in the region.