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Archaeologists have made a significant discovery in Egypt’s New Valley governate, unearthing a remarkably preserved city from the Byzantine era, alongside several ancient tombs near Alexandria. This find, which includes residential and religious structures dating back to the fourth century, offers invaluable insights into daily life, urban organisation, and economic practices during a pivotal period in Egyptian history.
Unearthing the Past: The Byzantine City
Located in the Dakhla oasis, the newly discovered city features a complex layout of north-south thoroughfares intersected by east-west streets, which create open squares and public spaces. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, indicated that the settlement is marked by a prominent basilica-style church built in the mid-fourth century, which stands at the city’s heart, overlooking the main thoroughfares.
Mahmoud Massoud, who leads the archaeological mission, noted that remnants of two watchtowers were also found, suggesting that the city had robust defensive measures in place. This discovery not only highlights the city’s architectural sophistication but also illustrates its strategic importance during the Byzantine period.
Everyday Life and Economic Activities
The excavation revealed a wealth of artefacts that illuminate the daily lives of its inhabitants. Among the findings were bread ovens, kitchens, stone grinding tools, and bronze coins, which bore the likeness of Byzantine emperors alongside Latin inscriptions and Christian symbols. Notably, a collection of gold coins dating to the reign of Constantius II, who ruled from 337 to 361 CE, was also discovered.
Diaa Zahran, head of the Islamic, Coptic and Jewish antiquities department, emphasised the significance of approximately 200 pottery fragments, known as ostraca. These fragments feature inscriptions that provide a glimpse into commercial transactions, personal correspondence, and other aspects of daily life, thus enriching our understanding of Byzantine society in Egypt.
Discoveries at Marina el-Alamein
In a separate archaeological endeavour, 18 ancient tombs have been identified at the Marina el-Alamein site, located approximately 100 kilometres west of Alexandria. This site, previously unearthed in 1986, is believed to be the remnants of the ancient Greco-Roman port city of Leukaspis, which flourished until the fourth century.
The latest findings at Marina el-Alamein include 11 rock-cut tombs, averaging eight metres in depth, and seven surface limestone tombs, raising the total number of discovered tombs at the site to 48. Artefacts found within these tombs consist of pottery vessels, amphorae, lamps, plates, altars, and limestone basins, all of which contribute to our knowledge of funerary practices and cultural customs of the time.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a substantial granite sarcophagus measuring 2.5 metres in length, which contained skeletal remains currently undergoing analysis. Additionally, a plaster sphinx statue was found nearby, further showcasing the funerary beliefs prevalent in that era. Intriguingly, four gold pieces were placed in the mouths of some deceased individuals, a practice referred to as “the golden tongue,” which reflects the funerary traditions of the period.
A Step Towards Global Recognition
The Dakhla oasis, where the Byzantine city was discovered, is currently on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status. This recognition could enhance global interest in Egypt’s rich archaeological heritage and promote further research and preservation efforts in the region.
Why it Matters
These discoveries are not merely archaeological curiosities; they are pivotal in understanding the socio-economic fabric of a bygone era. As Egypt continues to reveal its ancient past, these findings underscore the significance of preservation and research in illuminating the complexities of human history. The insights gained from the Byzantine city and the tombs at Marina el-Alamein not only enrich our knowledge of ancient civilisations but also foster a deeper appreciation for the cultural heritage that shapes contemporary Egyptian society.
