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The atmosphere in South Africa has become increasingly charged as protests demanding the expulsion of undocumented immigrants gain momentum. Organised by the campaign group March & March, these demonstrations have reignited long-standing xenophobic sentiments, leaving many African migrants feeling vulnerable and fearful for their safety. The group has issued an ultimatum, instructing undocumented individuals to leave the country by 30 June, yet has not clarified the repercussions for those who remain.
A Climate of Fear
The recent surge in anti-immigrant sentiment has instilled a palpable sense of dread among foreign nationals residing in South Africa. An Ethiopian entrepreneur, who has lived in the country since 2000, expressed the pervasive anxiety felt within immigrant communities. “Every day, almost everyone I meet is in extreme fear,” he remarked, highlighting that legal status provides little safeguard against violence.
Tragically, the situation escalated in late May when five Mozambicans were reported dead due to xenophobic attacks. In a separate incident in Mossel Bay, violence led to the deaths of two more Mozambicans and a South African. The unrest has forced many to seek refuge; approximately 100 individuals from Mozambique and Malawi found shelter in a town hall in Kleinmond as local residents demanded their departure.
Historical Context of Xenophobia
South Africa has a complex history regarding immigration. The nation, which has historically relied on migrant labour, saw a welcoming stance towards African immigrants following the end of apartheid in 1994 under Nelson Mandela. However, ongoing economic challenges, including rising unemployment and inequality, have led to widespread resentment towards immigrants, who are often scapegoated for the country’s woes.
Since 2020, the unemployment rate has soared by 3.4 percentage points to a staggering 43.1%, exacerbating tensions. Surveys conducted by the Human Sciences Research Council reveal a dramatic decline in the number of South Africans willing to accept immigrants, dropping from 25% in 2020 to just 15% last year.
Sharon Ekambaram, who leads the refugee and migrants’ programme at Lawyers for Human Rights, emphasised the difficulties faced by many in holding the government accountable. “It’s easier to blame the migrants,” she stated, reflecting the growing trend of xenophobia rooted in societal frustrations.
The Political Landscape and Implications
March & March, founded in March 2025, has rapidly mobilised support across the country, staging protests in cities such as Durban, Johannesburg, and Pretoria. The group’s leader, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, has claimed that illegal immigration figures could range from 15 million to 30 million, declaring, “South Africa is currently being invaded.” This rhetoric resonates with a populace grappling with economic hardship and instability.
As local elections approach in November, political parties are grappling with this contentious issue. Smaller parties, including ActionSA and Jacob Zuma’s uMkhonto we Sizwe, have sought to capitalise on the protests to garner support. Meanwhile, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) is attempting to balance these sentiments with a more cautious approach. President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged the legitimate concerns surrounding immigration in a recent address but warned against using these issues to incite violence and lawlessness.
Government Response and Future Outlook
President Ramaphosa has pledged to intensify efforts against illegal immigration and corruption within border authorities. In his address, he emphasised the importance of allowing only state officials to demand proof of nationality, while condemning the escalation of violence.
Political analyst Otlotleng Mokgatle pointed out the volatility of this issue, suggesting that even parties viewing it as an opportunity must tread carefully to avoid reputational damage. The risk of violent backlash against those who support anti-immigrant sentiments looms large.
For many African migrants, the uncertainty is palpable. Sandy Khumalo, who runs a restaurant in Johannesburg and holds a residency permit, described her anxiety about the current climate. “I don’t know what’s going on, what’s happening,” she said. “Since 2009, I’ve been here, so this is my home. I’m so stressed.”
Why it Matters
The situation in South Africa encapsulates broader themes of migration, economic hardship, and social cohesion. As economic pressures mount, the potential for xenophobia to escalate into violence poses a significant threat to national stability. The responses of political leaders and the public’s willingness to embrace diversity will be crucial in shaping the future of both South Africa and its immigrant communities. The ongoing protests reveal not only the challenges faced by migrants but also the urgent need for comprehensive immigration policies and social integration initiatives that address the root causes of resentment and fear.
