In a remarkable archaeological find, experts in Egypt have uncovered a well-preserved city from the Byzantine era nestled within the western desert. This discovery offers a vivid glimpse into the daily lives, urban development, and economic activities of the fourth century, a period when Egypt was integrated within the Byzantine Empire. The city’s residential quarters, religious structures, and various artefacts, including coins and pottery, reveal intricate details about this long-lost civilisation.
A Treasure Trove in the Dakhla Oasis
The excavation, located in the Dakhla oasis of Egypt’s New Valley governorate, has unveiled a series of fourth-century quarters that include both residential buildings and a basilica-style church. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, described the layout, which features north-south thoroughfares intersected by east-west streets, creating open squares and communal spaces. At the core of this settlement stands a basilica, dating back to the mid-fourth century, accompanied by the remnants of two watchtowers intended to protect the outskirts.
Mahmoud Massoud, who leads the archaeological mission, noted the discovery of fortified structures with thick defensive walls, alongside numerous houses with vaulted roofs and reception halls. The presence of essential domestic facilities, such as bread ovens and kitchens, suggests a thriving community engaged in various economic activities.
Insights into Daily Life and Commerce
Among the significant findings are a collection of bronze coins featuring the likenesses of Byzantine emperors, as well as Latin inscriptions and Christian symbols. A notable group of gold coins, associated with the reign of Emperor Constantius II, further enhances our understanding of the economic landscape of the time. Diaa Zahran, head of the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, highlighted an intriguing discovery: approximately 200 pottery fragments, known as ostraca, which bear inscriptions related to commercial transactions and daily correspondence.
One of the homes excavated, identified as the house of Tisous, is believed to have served as a house church prior to the construction of the basilica. This residence dates to the latter half of the fourth century and underscores the vital role of religious practice in the community.
Ancient Tombs Discovered at Marina el-Alamein
In a separate archaeological venture, 18 ancient tombs have been identified at the Marina el-Alamein site, located approximately 100 kilometres west of Alexandria. This site has yielded a mix of rock-cut and limestone tombs, alongside various artefacts such as pottery vessels, amphorae, and altars. Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, reported the discovery of a 2.5-metre-long granite sarcophagus containing skeletal remains, which are currently undergoing analysis.
Notably, the practice of placing gold pieces in the mouths of the deceased—a custom referred to as “the golden tongue”—was observed among some of the remains. This practice reflects the funerary beliefs prevalent during that era. The findings at Marina el-Alamein contribute to a growing understanding of the ancient Greco-Roman port city of Leukaspis, believed to have thrived from the second to the fourth centuries.
A Step Towards World Heritage Recognition
The Dakhla oasis, where this significant Byzantine city has been unearthed, is currently on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status. This designation underscores the site’s potential importance in preserving cultural heritage and promoting tourism in the region. The findings not only enrich the historical narrative of Egypt but also serve as a testament to the country’s enduring legacy of civilisation.
Why it Matters
The discovery of this ancient Byzantine city and the accompanying tombs provides invaluable insights into a pivotal historical period in Egypt’s past. As archaeologists continue to unearth artefacts and structures, they are not merely revealing the remnants of a once-thriving community; they are reconnecting the present to a rich tapestry of cultural and historical significance. Such discoveries can foster greater appreciation for the region’s heritage, boost tourism, and inspire future generations to explore and protect these irreplaceable sites.
