**
Recent archaeological excavations in Egypt’s western desert have unveiled a remarkably preserved city dating back to the Byzantine era, offering new insights into urban life during this pivotal historical period. Located in the Dakhla oasis of the New Valley governorate, the site features residential and religious structures, including a basilica from the fourth century, alongside artefacts that illuminate the economic and social activities of its former inhabitants.
A Glimpse into Byzantine Life
The excavation, led by a team of archaeologists, has revealed intricate urban planning with thoroughfares running north-south, intersected by east-west streets that form open squares. This layout suggests a thriving community with a well-structured social fabric. Hisham el-Leithy, the secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, highlighted the significance of the basilica at the centre of the settlement, which overlooks its main thoroughfares.
In addition to the basilica, the site features two watchtowers, indicative of the area’s need for security during the Byzantine period. Mahmoud Massoud, head of the archaeological mission, noted that the discoveries also included robust defensive structures and domestic buildings characterised by vaulted roofs and reception halls.
Daily Life and Economic Activities
Among the intriguing finds were bread ovens, kitchens, grinding tools, and a collection of bronze coins featuring the likenesses of Byzantine emperors, complete with Latin inscriptions and Christian symbols. Notably, a group of gold coins dated to the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337-361 AD) was also uncovered.
Diaa Zahran, who oversees the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, reported that about 200 pottery fragments were discovered, many inscribed with details of everyday life, including commercial transactions and correspondence. These fragments, known as ostraca, serve as a remarkable record of the social and economic dynamics of the time.
Discoveries Beyond Dakhla
In a separate yet equally significant find, archaeologists have unearthed 18 ancient tombs at Marina el-Alamein, located approximately 100 kilometres west of Alexandria. This site has yielded rock-cut tombs, limestone structures, and various artefacts, including pottery vessels, amphorae, and altars.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief at Marina el-Alamein, revealed the discovery of a granite sarcophagus measuring 2.5 metres in length, which contained skeletal remains currently undergoing analysis. Adjacent to the sarcophagus was a plaster sphinx statue, a testament to the funerary practices of the era. Moreover, four gold pieces, often referred to as “the golden tongue,” were placed within the mouths of some deceased individuals, reflecting the unique burial customs of the time.
The Significance of the Findings
The Dakhla oasis is already on UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage status, and these recent discoveries bolster its candidacy by showcasing the historical and cultural richness of this region. The insights gained from the findings not only contribute to our understanding of Byzantine Egypt but also highlight the area’s extensive historical narrative that intertwines with the broader Mediterranean world.
Why it Matters
These archaeological discoveries are significant not only for their historical value but also for their potential to enhance tourism in Egypt. By shedding light on the Byzantine period and its urban life, the findings encourage a renewed interest in Egypt’s ancient civilisations, fostering a deeper appreciation for the region’s rich heritage. As scholars and enthusiasts alike delve into this treasure trove of history, the Dakhla oasis stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of human endeavour and creativity, reminding us of the interconnectedness of cultures through time.
