In a significant archaeological breakthrough, researchers have unearthed a remarkably preserved Byzantine city in the heart of Egypt’s western desert, shedding light on the daily lives and economic activities of those who lived there during the fourth century. This discovery, located in the Dakhla oasis, promises to enhance our understanding of urban development in Egypt when it was part of the Byzantine empire.
A Glimpse into Byzantine Life
The recent excavation has revealed residential and religious structures, including a basilica-style church that serves as a focal point of the settlement. Hisham el-Leithy, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, reported that the layout of the city includes a network of north-south thoroughfares crossed by east-west streets, creating vibrant public squares.
Among the findings are various artefacts, including coins, pottery shards, and tools, which paint a vivid picture of life during this historical period. Archaeologists have also located bread ovens, kitchens, and stone grinding tools, offering tangible evidence of the daily activities that took place within the city’s walls.
Architectural Wonders and Defensive Structures
The most striking feature of the site is the basilica, dating back to the mid-fourth century, which overlooks the main streets of the settlement. Alongside this structure, remnants of two watchtowers have been discovered, hinting at the city’s need for protection against potential threats. Mahmoud Massoud, head of the archaeological mission, noted the presence of a heavily fortified structure, complete with thick defensive walls, and numerous houses that showcase vaulted roofs and spacious reception halls.
One remarkable find includes the house of Tisous, a church deacon, which dates back to the latter half of the 14th century. It is believed to have functioned as a house church prior to the construction of the basilica, providing further insight into the spiritual life of the inhabitants.
The Treasure of Marina el-Alamein
In a separate excavation near Alexandria, archaeologists have uncovered 18 ancient tombs at the Marina el-Alamein site, including both rock-cut and limestone structures. This latest discovery adds to the growing number of tombs found in the area, bringing the total to 48. The tombs, some reaching depths of eight metres, contained pottery vessels, amphorae, lamps, and altars, all of which contribute to the rich historical tapestry of the region.
Eman Abdel-Khaliq, the mission chief, highlighted a particularly significant find: a 2.5-metre-long granite sarcophagus containing skeletal remains, which are currently undergoing analysis. Nearby, a plaster sphinx statue was discovered, alongside gold artefacts placed in the mouths of the deceased—an ancient funerary practice believed to assist the souls in the afterlife.
Insights from Inscriptions
Among the trove of discoveries, Diaa Zahran, head of the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish antiquities department, reported that approximately 200 pottery fragments known as ostraca were found. These fragments bear inscriptions detailing commercial transactions, correspondence, and other aspects of daily life, providing invaluable insights into the socio-economic dynamics of the time.
The discovery of gold coins, specifically those from the reign of Roman emperor Constantius II (337-361 AD), further underscores the economic activity that thrived in this ancient city.
Why it Matters
This archaeological discovery is not only a testament to Egypt’s rich historical legacy but also a crucial reminder of the complexities of urban life during the Byzantine era. As researchers continue to piece together the remnants of this ancient city, they unlock narratives that have long been buried beneath the sands of time. The findings not only enhance our understanding of historical urban development but also underline the importance of preserving such sites for future generations, ensuring that the stories of those who lived in this vibrant city are not lost to history.
